Vitamin D - Wikipedia. Vitamin D refers to a group of fat- soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc and multiple other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). The major natural source of the vitamin is synthesis of cholecalciferol in the skin from cholesterol through a chemical reaction that is dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation). The Dietary Reference Intake for vitamin D, made by the Institute of Medicine, assumes all of a person's vitamin D is from oral intake, as recommendations about the amount of sun exposure required for optimal vitamin D levels are uncertain in view of the skin cancer risk. Vitamin D from the diet or skin synthesis is biologically inactive; enzymatic conversion (hydroxylation) in the liver and kidney is required for activation. As vitamin D can be synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals exposed to sufficient sunlight, it is not an essential dietary factor, and so not technically a vitamin. These two vitamin D metabolites (called 2. D or 2. 5(OH)D) are measured in serum to determine a person's vitamin D status. Calcitriol also has other effects, including some on cell growth, neuromuscular and immune functions, and reduction of inflammation. Its discovery was due to effort to find the dietary substance lacking in rickets (the childhood form of osteomalacia). The two major forms are vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol; vitamin D without a subscript refers to either D2 or D3 or both. These are known collectively as calciferol. In 1. 93. 5, the chemical structure of vitamin D3 was established and proven to result from the ultraviolet irradiation of 7- dehydrocholesterol. In the developed world, this is a rare disease. This condition is characterized by bow legs. In sunny countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Bangladesh, where the disease occurs among older toddlers and children, it has been attributed to low dietary calcium intakes, which are characteristic of cereal- based diets with limited access to dairy products. Characteristics of this disease are softening of the bones, leading to bending of the spine, bowing of the legs, proximal muscle weakness, bone fragility, and increased risk for fractures. Osteomalacia is usually present when 2. D levels are less than about 1. L. The threshold for vitamin D toxicity has not been established; however, according to some research, the tolerable upper intake level (UL) is 4,0. IU/day for ages 9–7. The FDA advised manufacturers of liquid vitamin D supplements that droppers accompanying these products should be clearly and accurately marked for 4. IU). In addition, for products intended for infants, the FDA recommends the dropper hold no more than 4. IU. One thousand micrograms per day in infants has produced toxicity within one month. If hypercalcemia is not treated, it results in excess deposits of calcium in soft tissues and organs such as the kidneys, liver, and heart, resulting in pain and organ damage. Buletproof intermittent fasting is a powerful part of the Bulletproof Diet. Learn the basics of intermittent fasting, how it works, and how you can benefit. One of the key factors explaining today's high rates of chronic disease, besides poor diet and sedentary lifestyle, is an epidemic of vitamin D deficiency. You must log in to continue. Log into Facebook. You must log in to continue. Dog Gone Knit: Grr. Free Dog Sweater Knitting Patterns. Energy The Best of Faithful Fridays. Live your best self this year and learn how to de-stress and take back control of your life. Tune in to The Dr. Oz Show every. Strange question, huh? Before you get too excited, I’m not about to tell you that a low carbohydrate diet is a remedy for back pain. Instead, I am going to explain. This is an accurate list of Ozone Doctors, trained in Ozone Therapy Protocols. Ozone Course.com provides Ozone Therapy Courses and is an information source for Ozone. Store & share your files with uploaded.net Learn more about our services (video). False Positive Pregnancy Tests – What Causes Them and How Common Are They? Feature on natural homeopathic remedies for weight loss, obesity, fat loss in women. Facts on Homeopathic treatment, supplements and diet for obese. These may be followed by polyuria, polydipsia, weakness, insomnia, nervousness, pruritus and ultimately renal failure. Furthermore, proteinuria, urinary casts, azotemia, and metastatic calcification (especially in the kidneys) may develop. Kidney damage may be irreversible. Exposure to sunlight for extended periods of time does not normally cause vitamin D toxicity. The concentrations of vitamin D precursors produced in the skin reach an equilibrium, and any further vitamin D produced is degraded. Other countries often use nmol/l; ng x 2. A 2. 01. 4 review concluded that the most advantageous serum levels for 2. OH)D for all outcomes appeared to be close to 7. The dietary reference intakes for vitamin D are chosen with a margin of safety and 'overshoot' the targeted serum value to ensure the specified levels of intake achieve the desired serum 2. OH)D levels in almost all persons. No contributions to serum 2. OH)D level are assumed from sun exposure and the recommendations are fully applicable to people with dark skin or negligible exposure to sunlight. Serum 2. 5(OH)D levels above 5. Research on vitamin D supplements, including large- scale clinical trials, is continuing. Use of vitamin D in children with normal vitamin D levels does not appear to improve bone density. As of August 2. 01. The greatest benefit with supplementation is seen in athletes who are deficient (2. OH)D serum levels < 3. OH)D serum levels < 2. Incremental decreases in risks are observed with rising serum 2. OH)D concentrations plateauing at 5. Reviews have described the evidence as being . However, lower vitamin D concentrations is also associated with poor nutrition and spending less time outdoors. Therefore, alternative explanations for the increase in cognitive impairment exist and hence a direct causal relationship between vitamin D levels and cognition could not be established. Many animals synthesize vitamin D3 from 7- dehydrocholesterol, and many fungi synthesize vitamin D2 from ergosterol. Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. Second, previtamin D3 spontaneously isomerizes to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in an antarafacialsigmatropic . At room temperature, the transformation of previtamin D3 to vitamin D3 in an organic solvent takes about 1. The conversion of previtamin D3 to vitamin D3 in the skin is about 1. Dehydrocholesterol reacts with UVB light at wavelengths between 2. Exposure to light through windows is insufficient because glass almost completely blocks UVB light. The darker the skin, and the weaker the sunlight, the more minutes of exposure are needed. Vitamin D overdose is impossible from UV exposure; the skin reaches an equilibrium where the vitamin degrades as fast as it is created. Vitamin D is produced in the keratinocytes. Although primitive vertebrates in the ocean could absorb calcium from the ocean into their skeletons and eat plankton rich in vitamin D, land animals required another way to satisfy their vitamin D requirement for a calcified skeleton without relying on plants. Land vertebrates have been making their own vitamin D for more than 3. In birds and fur- bearing mammals, vitamin D is generated from the oily secretions of the skin deposited onto the feathers or fur and is obtained orally during grooming. Circulating calcifediol may then be converted into calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D, in the kidneys. This reaction is catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme vitamin D 2. CYP2. R1 human gene, and expressed by hepatocytes. The conversion of calcifediol to calcitriol is catalyzed by the enzyme 2. D3 1- alpha- hydroxylase, which is the product of the CYP2. B1 human gene. The activity of CYP2. B1 is increased by parathyroid hormone, and also by low calcium or phosphate. By binding to vitamin D- binding protein, calcitriol is transported throughout the body, including to the classical target organs of intestine, kidney and bone. When synthesized by monocyte- macrophages, calcitriol acts locally as a cytokine, modulating body defenses against microbial invaders by stimulating the innate immune system. Vitamin D deficiency can result in lower bone mineral density and an increased risk of reduced bone density (osteoporosis) or bone fracture because a lack of vitamin D alters mineral metabolism in the body. Vitamin D also affects the immune system, and VDRs are expressed in several white blood cells, including monocytes and activated T and B cells. British doctor Edward Mellanby noticed dogs that were fed cod liver oil did not develop rickets and concluded vitamin A, or a closely associated factor, could prevent the disease. In 1. 92. 2, Elmer Mc. Collum tested modified cod liver oil in which the vitamin A had been destroyed. He called it vitamin D because it was the fourth vitamin to be named. Alfred Fabian Hess stated: . A meeting took place with J. B. S. Haldane, J. D. Bernal, and Dorothy Crowfoot to discuss possible structures, which contributed to bringing a team together. X- ray crystallography demonstrated the sterol molecules were flat, not as proposed by the German team led by Windaus. In 1. 93. 2, Otto Rosenheim and Harold King published a paper putting forward structures for sterols and bile acids which found immediate acceptance. In the 1. 93. 0s, Windaus clarified further the chemical structure of vitamin D. A vitamin D deficiency is a known cause of rickets. Using $3. 00 of his own money, Steenbock patented his invention. His irradiation technique was used for foodstuffs, most memorably for milk. By the expiration of his patent in 1. US. In the liver, vitamin D was found to be converted to calcifediol. Calcifediol is then converted by the kidneys to calcitriol, the biologically active form of vitamin D. The vitamin D metabolites, calcifediol and calcitriol, were identified by competing teams led by Michael F. Holick in the laboratory of Hector De. Luca and by Tony Norman and colleagues. The recommended daily intake of vitamin D may not be sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. This dose should be increased to 4,0. IU/day in some patients with very low vitamin D status or in case of comorbid conditions. For vitamin D labeling purposes 1. Daily Value was 4. IU (1. 0 . A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. Food and supplement companies have until July 2. Upper intake levels. The recommendations were formed assuming the individual has no skin synthesis of vitamin D because of inadequate sun exposure. The reference intake for vitamin D refers to total intake from food, beverages and supplements, is intended for the North American population, and assumes that calcium requirements are being met. Proponents of this view, who include some members of the panel that drafted a now- superseded 1. D from the IOM, contend the IOM's warning about serum concentrations above 5. Lose Fat, Build Muscle, & Feel Great. If you want to lose fat and improve your health as fast as possible, without feeling mentally slow, it’s hard to beat Bulletproof Intermittent Fasting. The most popular site that covers plain intermittent fasting is Leangains. The basic idea behind plain intermittent fasting is to eat all of your daily food in a shortened period (8 hours in the case of Lean Gains) and fast the rest of the time. For reasons we will get into below, this tells your body to simultaneously build muscle and burn fat. If you’re a busy entrepreneur or even a student who needs to be in a high performance state all day, dealing with hunger can be a distraction. It’s much worse for those with an impaired metabolism (i. If you have more than 3. As explained in The Bulletproof Diet book, Bulletproof Intermittent Fasting is an easy biohack that changes that and makes it possible to lose fat and build muscle faster than plain intermittent fasting. The healthy fats from grass- fed butter and Brain Octane Oil give you a stable current of energy that sustains you through the day. The ultra low toxin Upgraded Coffee beans optimize brain function and fat loss with high octane caffeine. The Brain Octane Oil also serves to increase ketone production and boosts your metabolic rate by up to 1. This drink is so filling, we’ve had clients who drank one cup of Bulletproof Coffee in the morning and didn’t feel like eating until mid afternoon. Adding extra Brain Octane Oil will promote ketogenesis (the formation of ketones) and provide more of a mental kick. For optimal results, you should be following the green side of Bulletproof Diet in conjunction with this protocol. Bulletproof Fasting will not save you from the effects of Poptarts and fried Oreos. Bulletproof Intermittent Fasting: Mental Performance Protocol. Goal: Improve and/or sustain mental performance while getting more benefits than plain intermittent fasting. Step 1: Finish dinner by 8 pm. No snacking after dinner – go to bed whenever you want. Step 2: Drink Bulletproof Coffee in the morning. Bulletproof Coffee is a mix of brewed Upgraded Coffee beans, grass- fed ghee (or unsalted grass- fed butter), and Brain Octane Oil. You can find the complete recipe here. Don’t mess around with cheap coffee, which will sabotage your efforts since 9. Drink as much Bulletproof Coffee as you like in the morning. You can have another cup before 2: 0. PM if you get hungry. No coffee after 2: 0. PM or you won’t sleep. Step 2. 5 (optional) – Work out. This is not necessary to gain muscle and lose fat, but it helps. If you’re going to work out, lift something heavy right before you break the fast in step 3. I’d suggest high intensity weight training. Shorter and harder is better than longer exercise. You will need to sleep more if you exercise. Step 3: Do not eat until 2pm. This means you’ve not had anything to eat except Bulletproof Coffee for 1. If 1. 8 hours is too long, start with a shorter fast and increase from there. Step 4: Eat as much Bulletproof food as you like for 6 hours (until 8 pm)The number of meals you eat during this time is irrelevant, as is the amount of calories. Here is a sample day of Bulletproof Intermittent Fasting: 8: 0. AM: Drink Bulletproof Coffee. PM: Break fast with foods from the Bulletproof Diet. PM: Eat your last meal before beginning the fast. Bulletproof Intermittent Fasting extends your life, improves brain function, and makes you more resilient on all levels. Even if you just start drinking Bulletproof Coffee for breakfast in place of the watery bags of sugar we call fruit, you can take advantage of some of these benefits. Once you start Bulletproof Intermittent Fasting, you will have gained an unfair advantage on your peers in health, longevity, and performance. Benefits of Plain Intermittent Fasting. Animal studies (thanks Wikipedia!)“Reduced serum glucose and insulin levels and increased resistance of neurons in the brain to excitotoxic stress“. Both exercise and coffee raise cellular energy use while simultaneously inhibiting your muscle building mechanisms (m. TOR) for a brief period, which causes it to “spring back” and build even more muscle as soon as you eat. There are 3 known ways to raise m. TOR. Intermittent fasting, exercise, and coffee (or more weakly, chocolate, green tea, turmeric, or resveratrol)Bulletproof Fasting hits all 3 ways to compress m. TOR, causing a bigger rebound and better use of your food for muscle building. I used Bulletproof Intermittent Fasting occasionally during my 4. Keep in mind that I used to weigh 3. I hadn’t worked out for 1. Plain intermittent fasting doesn’t use coffee, so it only hits one, or possibly 2 of the 3 possible m. TOR triggers. Bulletproof Intermittent Fasting works better because it can use all 3 mechanisms, but it works very well (as you can see) with just coffee and intermittent fasting. The cool thing is that an all fat breakfast (like Bulletproof Coffee . It’s awesome! Reason #2: Ketosis. Plain intermittent fasting helps you enter ketosis (fat burning mode that’s good for your brain) but then you end ketosis if you eat carb- containing foods at the end of the fast. Using MCT in your Bulletproof Coffee increases the speed at which you go into ketosis, so it fuels your brain, and it helps you stay in ketosis even in the presence of some carbs in your diet. MCT is noticeably better than just grass fed butter in my coffee for this effect. Reason #3: You’ll actually do it because you feel awesome. Let’s face it. You’re not a super athlete. You’re not a model or a professional body builder. You have work to do at your day job and being hungry, sluggish, and cranky all morning during a fast is not fun or good for your career. It’s easier, and far more pleasant to do a Bulletproof Intermittent Fast than a plain one. I’ve done plain ones and enjoy them to be honest, but they are even more enjoyable with Bulletproof Coffee. Plus, I get better results with the coffee protocols. Reason #4: Metabolic hacking. Coffee increases your metabolism by up to 2. Plain intermittent fasting doesn’t. This combination is superior. That just about covers it.
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